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Illustration of the epidermis, cutaway view, showing a normal melanocyte (large pink cell) containing melanosomes (brown granules). Melanosomes are organelles within the melanocyte that produce melanin, the light-absorbing pigment in skin, and melanin granules migrate to adjacent keratinocytes. Melanoma tumors arise from mutant melanocytes.
Illustration of an oligodendrocyte repairing the myelin sheath of a central nervous system neuron damaged by multiple sclerosis (MS). MS forms lesions (demyelination) in the sheath, causing impulses along the nerve to be impaired or lost. Oligodendrocytes help repair damaged nerves, but MS can destroy oligodendrocytes via apoptosis (programmed cell death).
Illustration of an oligodendrocyte repairing the myelin sheath of a central nervous system neuron damaged by multiple sclerosis (MS). MS forms lesions (demyelination) in the sheath, causing impulses along the nerve to be impaired or lost. Oligodendrocytes help repair damaged nerves, but MS can destroy oligodendrocytes via apoptosis (programmed cell death).
Illustration of an oligodendrocyte repairing the myelin sheath of a central nervous system neuron damaged by multiple sclerosis (MS). MS forms lesions (demyelination) in the sheath, causing impulses along the nerve to be impaired or lost. Oligodendrocytes help repair damaged nerves, but MS can destroy oligodendrocytes via apoptosis (programmed cell death).
Knee joint osteoarthritis, showing disease progression from superficial to deep. Articular cartilage shows wear, abrasion, and the near-obliteration of the menisci. Cracks in the articular surfaces cause the formation of subchondral (under the bone surface) cysts and joint calcification. Bones lose vascularization and harden with osteophytes (bone lipping).
Illustration of the surgical elevation of the urethra by a sling that passes beneath it and attaches to the inside of the abdominal body wall. This procedure is used to treat urinary stress incontinence due to loss of the normal angle of the urinary bladder to the urethra (bladder neck). The sling is made from the patient's own connective tissue (fascia).