Professor Staffan Normark of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences announces the winners of the Nobel Prize in physics during a press conference in Stockholm, Sweden, Tuesday, Oct. 4, 2011. The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences said American Saul Perlmutter would share the 10 million kronor ($1.5 million) award with U.S.-Australian Brian Schmidt and U.S. scientist Adam Riess for their studies of exploding stars that revealed that the expansion of the universe is accelerating. (AP Photo/Scanpix, Leif R Jansson) SWEDEN OUT

Dr. Adam Riess, left, speaks alongside his wife Nancy at a news conference to acknowledge his Nobel Prize in Physics at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Tuesday, Oct. 4, 2011. Riess shared the prize with Saul Perlmutter, an astrophysicist at the University of California, Berkeley, and Brian Schmidt of the Australian National University, for their contributions to the discovery that the universe's expansion is accelerating. (AP Photo/Patrick Semansky)

Dr. Adam Riess smiles at a news conference that was held to acknowledge his being awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Tuesday, Oct. 4, 2011. Riess shares the prize with Saul Perlmutter, an astrophysicist at the University of California, Berkeley, and Brian Schmidt of the Australian National University, for their contributions to the discovery that the universe's expansion is accelerating. (AP Photo/Patrick Semansky)

Dr. Adam Riess, center, stands between Johns Hopkins University president Ronald Daniels, left, and his wife Nancy at a news conference to acknowledge his Nobel Prize in Physics at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Tuesday, Oct. 4, 2011. Riess shared the prize with Saul Perlmutter, an astrophysicist at the University of California, Berkeley, and Brian Schmidt of the Australian National University, for their contributions to the discovery that the universe's expansion is accelerating. (AP Photo/Patrick Semansky)

Dr. Adam Riess speaks at a news conference to acknowledge his Nobel Prize in Physics at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Tuesday, Oct. 4, 2011. Riess shared the prize with Saul Perlmutter, an astrophysicist at the University of California, Berkeley, and Brian Schmidt of the Australian National University, for their contributions to the discovery that the universe's expansion is accelerating. (AP Photo/Patrick Semansky)

Astrophysicist Saul Perlmutter, who won the Nobel Prizes in Physics, gestures during a news conference Tuesday, Oct. 4, 2011, in Berkeley, Calif. The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences said Perlmutter would share the 10 million kronor ($1.5 million) award with U.S.-Australian Brian Schmidt and U.S. scientist Adam Riess. Working in two separate research teams during the 1990s, Perlmutter in one and Schmidt and Riess in the other, the scientists raced to map the universe's expansion by analyzing a particular type of supernovas, or exploding stars. (AP Photo/Ben Margot)

Nobel Prizes winner for physics astrophysicist Saul Perlmutter displays his lifetime parking pass good for parking at the University of California at Berkeley Tuesday, Oct. 4, 2011, in Berkeley, Calif. The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences said American Perlmutter would share the 10 million kronor ($1.5 million) award with U.S.-Australian Brian Schmidt and U.S. scientist Adam Riess. Working in two separate research teams during the 1990s, Perlmutter in one and Schmidt and Riess in the other, the scientists raced to map the universe's expansion by analyzing a particular type of supernovas, or exploding stars. (AP Photo/Ben Margot)

Nobel Prizes winner for physics astrophysicist Saul Perlmutter gestures during a news conference Tuesday, Oct. 4, 2011, at the University of California at Berkeley, Calif. The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences said American Perlmutter would share the 10 million kronor ($1.5 million) award with U.S.-Australian Brian Schmidt and U.S. scientist Adam Riess. Working in two separate research teams during the 1990s, Perlmutter in one and Schmidt and Riess in the other, the scientists raced to map the universe's expansion by analyzing a particular type of supernovas, or exploding stars. (AP Photo/Ben Margot)

Nobel Prizes winner for physics astrophysicist Saul Perlmutter gestures during a news conference Tuesday, Oct. 4, 2011, at the University of California at Berkeley, Calif. The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences said American Perlmutter would share the 10 million kronor ($1.5 million) award with U.S.-Australian Brian Schmidt and U.S. scientist Adam Riess. Working in two separate research teams during the 1990s, Perlmutter in one and Schmidt and Riess in the other, the scientists raced to map the universe's expansion by analyzing a particular type of supernovas, or exploding stars. (AP Photo/Ben Margot)

Nobel Prizes winner for physics astrophysicist Saul Perlmutter listens to a question during a news conference Tuesday, Oct. 4, 2011, at the University of California at Berkeley, Calif. The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences said American Perlmutter would share the 10 million kronor ($1.5 million) award with U.S.-Australian Brian Schmidt and U.S. scientist Adam Riess. Working in two separate research teams during the 1990s, Perlmutter in one and Schmidt and Riess in the other, the scientists raced to map the universe's expansion by analyzing a particular type of supernovas, or exploding stars. (AP Photo/Ben Margot)

Nobel Prizes winner for physics astrophysicist Saul Perlmutter gestures in his office Tuesday, Oct. 4, 2011, at the University of California at Berkeley, Calif. The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences said American Perlmutter would share the 10 million kronor ($1.5 million) award with U.S.-Australian Brian Schmidt and U.S. scientist Adam Riess. Working in two separate research teams during the 1990s, Perlmutter in one and Schmidt and Riess in the other, the scientists raced to map the universe's expansion by analyzing a particular type of supernovas, or exploding stars. (AP Photo/Ben Margot)

TO GO WITH STORY BY MALICK ROKHY (FILES) File picture taken on September 6, 2011 of Nobel prize for Physics German Klaus Klitzing (L) listening to Senegal's minister for Higher Education minister Amadou Tidiane Ba (R) during the inauguration of the African center for teaching Mathematics (AIMS) in Mbour, some 80 kilometers south of Dakar. The AIMS is the first stage of the Mbour research and teaching center (Cirem) to welcome in the future other structures of research in different fields. AFP PHOTO SEYLLOU

TO GO WITH STORY BY MALICK ROKHY (FILES) File picture taken on September 6, 2011 of Nobel prize for Physics German Klaus Klitzing (L) and French Cedric Viliani, Fields Medal 2010 laureate, during the inauguration of the African center for teaching Mathematics (AIMS) in Mbour, some 80 kilometers south of Dakar. The AIMS is the first stage of the Mbour research and teaching center (Cirem) to welcome in the future other structures of research in different fields. AFP PHOTO SEYLLOU

- RESTRICTED TO EDITORIAL USE MANDATORY CREDIT "AFP PHOTO / CHANDRA X-RAY OBSERVATORY" NO MARKETING NO ADVERTISING CAMPAIGNS - DISTRIBUTED AS A SERVICE TO CLIENTS - This composite image obtained February 17, 2010 from the Chandra X-Ray Observatory shows two supernova remnants, part of a new study from NASA's Chandra X-ray Observatory that shows how the shape of the remnant is connected to the way the progenitor star exploded. Researchers Saul Perlmutter and Adam Riess of the United States and US-Australian Brian Schmidt won the 2011 Nobel Physics Prize on October 4, 2011 for their research on supernovae, the Nobel jury said. "They have studied several dozen exploding stars, called supernovae, and discovered that the universe is expanding at an ever-accelerating rate," it said, adding that their discovery had changed mankind's understanding of the universe. AFP PHOTO / NASA/MPIA/CALAR ALTO OBSERVATORY/OLIVER KRAUSEAFP PHOTO / Chandra X-Ray Observatory == RESTRICTED TO EDITORIAL USE

--RESTRICTED TO EDITORIAL USE MANDATORY CREDIT "AFP PHOTO / NASA-ESA-R.VILLARD (STScl/AURA)" NO MARKETING NO ADVERTISING CAMPAIGNS - DISTRIBUTED AS A SERVICE TO CLIENTS - RESTRICTED TO SUBSCRIPTION USE - An undated photo shows Adam Riess of the United States who won the 2011 Nobel Physics Prize with compatriot Saul Perlmutter and US-Australian Brian Schmidt on October 4, 2011 for their research on supernovae. "They have studied several dozen exploding stars, called supernovae, and discovered that the universe is expanding at an ever-accelerating rate," the Nobel jury said. AFP PHOTO / NASA-ESA-R.VILLARD (STScl/AURA)