RESTRICTED TO EDITORIAL USE - MANDATORY CREDIT "AFP PHOTO / BERKELEY LAB" - NO MARKETING NO ADVERTISING CAMPAIGNS - DISTRIBUTED AS A SERVICE TO CLIENTS - NO ARCHIVE An undated handout picture shows US Saul Perlmutter who won the 2011 Nobel Physics prize on October 4, 2011. Saul Perlmutter and Adam Riess of the United States and US-Australian Brian Schmidt won the 2011 Nobel Physics Prize today for their research on supernovae, the Nobel jury said. AFP PHOTO/BERKELEY LAB

RESTRICTED TO EDITORIAL USE - MANDATORY CREDIT "AFP PHOTO / NOBELPRIZE.ORG" - NO MARKETING NO ADVERTISING CAMPAIGNS - DISTRIBUTED AS A SERVICE TO CLIENTS A screen grab shows Australian Brian Schmidt who won the 2011 Nobel Physics prize on October 4, 2011. Saul Perlmutter and Adam Riess of the United States and US-Australian Brian Schmidt won the 2011 Nobel Physics Prize today for their research on supernovae, the Nobel jury said. AFP PHOTO/NOBELPRIZE.ORG

Members of the Swedish Royal Academy of Sciences in Stockholm announce on October 4, 2011 that US Saul Perlmutter and Adam Reiss and Australian Brian Schmidt have jointly won the 2011 Nobel Prize in physics for the discovery of the accelerating expansion of the Universe through observation of distant supernovae. AFP PHOTO/JONATHAN NACKSTRAND

Members of the Swedish Royal Academy of Sciences in Stockholm announce on October 4, 2011 that US Saul Perlmutter and Adam Reiss and Australian Brian Schmidt have jointly won the 2011 Nobel Prize in physics for the discovery of the accelerating expansion of the Universe through observation of distant supernovae. AFP PHOTO/JONATHAN NACKSTRAND

An image is projected at a screen as members of the Swedish Royal Academy of Sciences in Stockholm announce on October 4, 2011 that US Saul Perlmutter and Adam Reiss and Australian Brian Schmidt have jointly won the 2011 Nobel Prize in physics for the discovery of the accelerating expansion of the Universe through observation of distant supernovae. AFP PHOTO/JONATHAN NACKSTRAND

A picture at a TV screen shows an image of physicist Albert Einstien, as Members of the Swedish Royal Academy of Sciences in Stockholm announce on October 4, 2011 that US Saul Perlmutter and Adam Reiss and Australian Brian Schmidt have jointly won the 2011 Nobel Prize in physics for the discovery of the accelerating expansion of the Universe through observation of distant supernovae. AFP PHOTO/JONATHAN NACKSTRAND

An image is projected at a screen as members of the Swedish Royal Academy of Sciences in Stockholm announce on October 4, 2011 that US Saul Perlmutter and Adam Reiss and Australian Brian Schmidt have jointly won the 2011 Nobel Prize in physics for the discovery of the accelerating expansion of the Universe through observation of distant supernovae. AFP PHOTO/JONATHAN NACKSTRAND

- RESTRICTED TO EDITORIAL USE MANDATORY CREDIT "AFP PHOTO - NASA/MPIA/CALAR ALTO OBSERVATORY/OLIVER KRAUSE" NO MARKETING NO ADVERTISING CAMPAIGNS - DISTRIBUTED AS A SERVICE TO CLIENTS - This undated photo shows a classic type 1a supernova remnant. Researchers Saul Perlmutter and Adam Riess of the United States and US-Australian Brian Schmidt won the 2011 Nobel Physics Prize on October 4, 2011 for their research on supernovae, the Nobel jury said. "They have studied several dozen exploding stars, called supernovae, and discovered that the universe is expanding at an ever-accelerating rate," it said, adding that their discovery had changed mankind's understanding of the universe. AFP PHOTO / NASA/MPIA/CALAR ALTO OBSERVATORY/OLIVER KRAUSE

The Swedish Royal Academy prize committy (L-R) Borje Johansson, Staffan Normark, Lars Brink and Olga Botner announce that three U.S.-born scientists won the Nobel Prize in physics on October 4, 2011 in Stockholm for a study of exploding stars that discovered that the expansion of the universe is accelerating. The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences said American Saul Perlmutter would share the 10 million kronor ($1.5 million) award with U.S.-Australian Brian Schmidt and U.S. scientist Adam Riess "for the discovery of the accelerating expansion of the universe through observations of distant supernovae." AFP PHOTO SCANPIX-SWEDEN

An image is projected at a screen as members of the Swedish Royal Academy of Sciences in Stockholm announce on October 4, 2011 that US Saul Perlmutter and Adam Reiss and Australian Brian Schmidt have jointly won the 2011 Nobel Prize in physics for the discovery of the accelerating expansion of the Universe through observation of distant supernovae. AFP PHOTO/JONATHAN NACKSTRAND

This undated handout image courtesy of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory shows Saul Perlmutter. A trio of astronomers won the Nobel Physics Prize on October 4, 2011 for discovering that the expansion of the Universe is accelerating, a finding that implies that the cosmos will end in frozen nothingness. The three are Saul Perlmutter and Adam Riess of the United States and US-Australian Brian Schmidt, who were honoured for findings that were -- to their own admission -- both a complete surprise and a little scary. = RESTRICTED TO EDITORIAL USE - MANDATORY CREDIT "AFP PHOTO / Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory " - NO MARKETING NO ADVERTISING CAMPAIGNS - DISTRIBUTED AS A SERVICE TO CLIENTS =

This undated handout photo courtesy of Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland shows Adam Riess. Riess, Krieger-Eisenhower Professor in Physics and Astronomy at The Johns Hopkins University and a scientist at the Space Telescope Science Institute,October 4, 2011 was awarded the 2011 Nobel Prize in Physics by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. AFP PHOTO/HO/Johns Hopkins University = RESTRICTED TO EDITORIAL USE - MANDATORY CREDIT "AFP PHOTO / Johns Hopkins University " - NO MARKETING NO ADVERTISING CAMPAIGNS - DISTRIBUTED AS A SERVICE TO CLIENTS =

----EDITORS NOTE---- RESTRICTED TO EDITORIAL USE - MANDATORY CREDIT "AFP PHOTO / Belinda Pratten / Australian National University" - NO MARKETING NO ADVERTISING CAMPAIGNS - DISTRIBUTED AS A SERVICE TO CLIENTS NO ARCHIVES This undated handout photo received on October 4, 2011 by Australian National University in Canberra shows American-Australian astronomer Brian Schmidt posing for a picture. The US-Australian astronomer who on October 4, 2011 shared the Nobel Physics Prize thanked his adopted country for giving him the opportunity to do his groundbreaking work from a young age. Brian Schmidt and US researchers Saul Perlmutter and Adam Riess were honoured for their work on supernovae, which the Nobel jury said had changed mankind's understanding of the universe. AFP PHOTO / Belinda Pratten / Australian National University

An undated handout picture courtesy of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory in California shows Saul Perlmutter who won the 2011 Nobel Physics prize on October 4, 2011. Saul Perlmutter and Adam Riess of the United States and US-Australian Brian Schmidt won the 2011 Nobel Physics Prize today for their research on supernovae, the Nobel jury said. AFP PHOTO/LAWRENCE BERKELEY NATIONAL LABORATORY = RESTRICTED TO EDITORIAL USE - MANDATORY CREDIT "AFP PHOTO / LAWRENCE BERKELEY NATIONAL LABORATORY" - NO MARKETING NO ADVERTISING CAMPAIGNS - DISTRIBUTED AS A SERVICE TO CLIENTS =

Nobel Prizes winner for physics Saul Perlmutter poses at his home in Berkeley, Calif., Tuesday, Oct. 4, 2011 after hearing he had won. The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences said American Perlmutter would share the 10 million kronor ($1.5 million) award with U.S.-Australian Brian Schmidt and U.S. scientist Adam Riess. Working in two separate research teams during the 1990s, Perlmutter in one and Schmidt and Riess in the other, the scientists raced to map the universe's expansion by analyzing a particular type of supernovas, or exploding stars. (AP Photo/Paul Sakuma)

Nobel Prizes winner for physics Saul Perlmutter smiles at his home in Berkeley, Calif., Tuesday, Oct. 4, 2011 after hearing he had won. The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences said American Perlmutter would share the 10 million kronor ($1.5 million) award with U.S.-Australian Brian Schmidt and U.S. scientist Adam Riess. Working in two separate research teams during the 1990s, Perlmutter in one and Schmidt and Riess in the other, the scientists raced to map the universe's expansion by analyzing a particular type of supernovas, or exploding stars. (AP Photo/Paul Sakuma)

Nobel Prizes winner for physics Saul Perlmutter smiles as he receives the official phone call from the Royal Swedish Academy at his home in Berkeley, Calif., Tuesday, Oct. 4, 2011 that he had won. The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences said American Perlmutter would share the 10 million kronor ($1.5 million) award with U.S.-Australian Brian Schmidt and U.S. scientist Adam Riess. Working in two separate research teams during the 1990s, Perlmutter in one and Schmidt and Riess in the other, the scientists raced to map the universe's expansion by analyzing a particular type of supernovas, or exploding stars. (AP Photo/Paul Sakuma)

Nobel Prizes winner for physics Saul Perlmutter smiles as he poses with his daughter's telescope at his home in Berkeley, Calif., Tuesday, Oct. 4, 2011 after hearing he had won. The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences said American Perlmutter would share the 10 million kronor ($1.5 million) award with U.S.-Australian Brian Schmidt and U.S. scientist Adam Riess. Working in two separate research teams during the 1990s, Perlmutter in one and Schmidt and Riess in the other, the scientists raced to map the universe's expansion by analyzing a particular type of supernovas, or exploding stars. (AP Photo/Paul Sakuma)

Nobel Prizes winner for physics Saul Perlmutter smiles with his wife, Laura Nelson, at his home in Berkeley, Calif., Tuesday, Oct. 4, 2011 after hearing he had won. The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences said American Perlmutter would share the 10 million kronor ($1.5 million) award with U.S.-Australian Brian Schmidt and U.S. scientist Adam Riess. Working in two separate research teams during the 1990s, Perlmutter in one and Schmidt and Riess in the other, the scientists raced to map the universe's expansion by analyzing a particular type of supernovas, or exploding stars. (AP Photo/Paul Sakuma)

Nobel Prizes winner for physics Saul Perlmutter smiles as he receives the official phone call from the Swedish Academy of Sciences at his home in Berkeley, Calif., Tuesday, Oct. 4, 2011 that he had won. The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences said American Perlmutter would share the 10 million kronor ($1.5 million) award with U.S.-Australian Brian Schmidt and U.S. scientist Adam Riess. Working in two separate research teams during the 1990s, Perlmutter in one and Schmidt and Riess in the other, the scientists raced to map the universe's expansion by analyzing a particular type of supernovas, or exploding stars. (AP Photo/Paul Sakuma)