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Illustration of a tissue plasminogen activator (TPA) dissolving a blood clot (left to right): 1) normal blood flow within an artery, 2) artery blocked by a blood clot, 3) TPA dissolving the blood clot, and 4) restoration of normal blood flow in the artery. TPA is an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of plasminogen to plasmin, used to treat heart attacks.
Illustration of a lumbar epidural injection: 1) female torso showing the needle placement site in the lower back, posterior view, 2) detail of the spine showing the needle placement between L5 and S1 vertebrae with injection of anesthesia into the lumbar epidural space, sagittal section.
Illustration of a Pap smear examination, a typical test for cervical cancer. Shown are a gynecologist's view of the vagina with a speculum in place to visualize the cervix (left) and a detail of a curette scraping cells from the cervix which will later be tested for cancer (right), cutaway view.
Illustration of knee joint arthroscopic (endoscopic) surgery. Shown is the anatomy of the right knee, which includes the femur, patella, meniscus, tibia, fibula, and collateral ligaments. Also depicted are the placement of the stab incisions, arthroscope, and irrigation cannula during knee surgery.
Illustration of an external electronic fetal heart rate monitor (FHRM) with three types of output: a speaker in the back of the FHRM provides an audible report of each fetal heartbeat, the digital display indicates the heartbeats per minute, a paper printout shows the heartbeat and maternal contractions. The ultrasound transducer is strapped to the abdomen.
Illustration of a birth injury: shoulder dystocia, or brachial plexus injury, during normal vaginal delivery. In this case, the baby's left shoulder is caught behind the mother's sacrum, instead of the more typical shoulder dystocia injury caused by the mother's pubic symphysis (pubic bone).
Illustration of the brachial plexus nerves in an infant, anterior view, showing the regions of the shoulder, arms, and upper thorax affected by damage to the nerve roots, as is seen in a shoulder dystocia birth injury during delivery. Shown are the spinal cord and nerve roots for C5, C6, C7, C8, and T1.